Can Birth Control Cause Depression?

Munira Electricwala

Psychologist | Researcher | Psychological Scientist | Writer

18 Sep 20244 min read

Woman hand holding a contraceptive panel prevent pregnancy- Can Birth Control Cause Depression?

Introduction: Can Birth Control Be a Mood-Swinging Culprit?

Birth control is a common method for preventing pregnancy, but its effects on mental health, particularly depression, have become a topic of increasing concern and research. Understanding the relationship between birth control and depression is essential, especially for young adults and working professionals who may be considering or currently using hormonal contraceptives.

Understanding Birth Control and Depression by Definition

Birth Control: Birth control refers to various methods used to prevent pregnancy, including hormonal options like the contraceptive pill, patch, ring, and IUD. These methods work by altering hormone levels in the body to inhibit ovulation.

Depression: Depression is a mental health disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest, and a range of emotional and physical problems.

Can Birth Control Cause Depression?

The relationship between birth control and depression is complex and varies among individuals. Research published in 2022 indicates that hormonal birth control may influence mood and emotional regulation. Still, the extent of this effect can differ based on various factors, including personal health history and the specific type of contraceptive used.

Present Research Findings on the Connection Between Birth Control and Depression

Increased Risk in Adolescents: Studies suggest that young women using hormonal contraceptives, particularly during adolescence, may face a significantly higher risk of developing depression. A Danish study from 2023 found that the risk of depression increased by 1.8 times during the first few months of using combined oral contraceptives (COCs).

Hormonal Influence: Hormonal contraceptives can affect brain chemistry by altering levels of estrogen and progesterone, which are crucial for mood regulation. This alteration can lead to mood swings or depressive symptoms in some users.

Mixed Evidence: While some studies indicate a link between hormonal birth control and increased depression risk, others report no significant association or even suggest potential mood-stabilizing benefits. For instance, some recent research (2023) has shown that COCs may reduce the incidence of panic disorder and depression in certain populations.

Long-Term Use Considerations: The risk of depression may be more pronounced during the initial months of use. However, some studies indicate that this risk diminishes with prolonged use of hormonal contraceptives.

Individual Variability: Not all women experience negative mood changes while using hormonal contraceptives. Many report improved mood and reduced symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS).

Symptoms of Depression to check. This will help you understand when to seek help:

Emotional Symptoms

Persistent Sadness: A continuous feeling of sadness or emptiness.
⁠Irritability: Increased frustration or anger over minor issues.
Feelings of Hopelessness: A belief that things will never get better.
⁠Guilt or Worthlessness: Excessive feelings of guilt or a sense of being a failure.

Physical Symptoms

Changes in Appetite: Significant weight loss or gain, or changes in eating habits.
Sleep Disturbances: Insomnia or sleeping too much.
Fatigue: A constant feeling of tiredness or lack of energy.
⁠Aches and Pains: Unexplained physical symptoms, such as headaches or digestive issues.

Cognitive Symptoms

⁠Difficulty Concentrating: Trouble focusing, making decisions, or remembering things.
Negative Thinking: A tendency to dwell on negative thoughts or events.

Behavioural Symptoms

⁠Withdrawal from Social Activities: Avoiding friends, family, and previously enjoyed activities.
⁠Decreased Performance: A decline in work or academic performance.

Consider exploring the Mave Health Program and its resources on tDCS, which supports mental health and wellness.

Do Read More About Depression

Conclusion

The relationship between birth control and depression is nuanced and depends on various factors, with research highlighting both potential risks and benefits. While some women may experience depressive symptoms related to hormonal contraceptives, many do not. Individuals must consult with healthcare providers to discuss any mental health concerns and to explore personalized options that best suit their needs. If you are considering birth control or are currently using it and experiencing mood changes, it is essential to seek professional guidance. Understanding the potential side effects, including the risk of depression, can help you make informed decisions about your reproductive health.

References

Birth Control Can Cause Mood Swings — Here’s What You Should Know. (2021, June 15). Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/birth-control/birth-control-mood-swings
Birth Control May Help or Even Worsen PMS — Here’s How to Deal. (2021, July 7). Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/birth-control/pmsing-on-birth-control
Depression on birth control: Everything you need to know. (2019, December 11). https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327275
Kraft, M. Z., Rojczyk, P., Weiss, T., Derntl, B., Kikinis, Z., Croy, I., & Heller, C. (2024). Symptoms of mental disorders and oral contraception use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 72, 101111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101111
McKetta, S., & Keyes, K. M. (2019). Oral contraceptive use and depression among adolescents. Annals of Epidemiology, 29, 46–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.10.002
Mph, M. T. M. (2019, October 1). Can hormonal birth control trigger depression? Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/can-hormonal-birth-control-trigger-depression-201610172517
Mu, E., & Kulkarni, J. (2022). Hormonal contraception and mood disorders. Australian Prescriber, 45(3), 75–79. https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2022.025
National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Birth Control. Contraception | Contraceptives | MedlinePlus. https://medlineplus.gov/birthcontrol.html
Noachtar, I. A., Frokjaer, V. G., & Pletzer, B. (2023). Mental Health Symptoms in Oral Contraceptive Users During Short-Term Hormone Withdrawal. JAMA Network Open, 6(9), e2335957. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.35957
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